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@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds |
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@ -60,503 +60,503 @@ original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds |
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HREF="node19.html">Constant amplitude scaler</A> |
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HREF="node20.html">Amplitude control in decibels</A> |
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HREF="node23.html">Conversion between frequency and pitch</A> |
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HREF="node24.html">More additive synthesis</A> |
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HREF="node27.html">The Wavetable Oscillator</A> |
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HREF="node29.html">Enveloping samplers</A> |
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HREF="node44.html">Converting from audio signals to numeric control streams</A> |
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HREF="node51.html">Sampling and foldover</A> |
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HREF="node52.html">Converting controls to signals</A> |
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HREF="node53.html">Non-looping wavetable player</A> |
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HREF="node54.html">Signals to controls</A> |
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HREF="node55.html">Analog-style sequencer</A> |
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HREF="node56.html">MIDI-style synthesizer</A> |
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HREF="node57.html">Exercises</A> |
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HREF="node58.html">Automation and voice management</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html269" |
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HREF="node59.html">Envelope Generators</A> |
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HREF="node60.html">Linear and Curved Amplitude Shapes</A> |
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HREF="node61.html">Continuous and discontinuous control changes</A> |
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HREF="node63.html">Switch-and-ramp</A> |
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HREF="node64.html">Polyphony</A> |
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HREF="node65.html">Voice allocation</A> |
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HREF="node66.html">Voice tags</A> |
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HREF="node69.html">ADSR envelope generator</A> |
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HREF="node70.html">Transfer functions for amplitude control</A> |
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HREF="node71.html">Additive synthesis: Risset's bell</A> |
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HREF="node72.html">Additive synthesis: spectral envelope control</A> |
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HREF="node73.html">Polyphonic synthesis: sampler</A> |
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HREF="node75.html">Modulation</A> |
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HREF="node76.html">Taxonomy of spectra</A> |
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HREF="node77.html">Multiplying audio signals</A> |
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HREF="node78.html">Waveshaping</A> |
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HREF="node79.html">Frequency and phase modulation</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html290" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html290" |
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HREF="node80.html">Examples</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html291" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html291" |
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HREF="node81.html">Ring modulation and spectra</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html292" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html292" |
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HREF="node82.html">Octave divider and formant adder</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html293" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html293" |
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HREF="node83.html">Waveshaping and difference tones</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html294" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html294" |
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HREF="node84.html">Waveshaping using Chebychev polynomials</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html295" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html295" |
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HREF="node85.html">Waveshaping using an exponential function</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html296" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html296" |
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HREF="node86.html">Sinusoidal waveshaping: evenness and oddness</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html297" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html297" |
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HREF="node87.html">Phase modulation and FM</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html298" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html298" |
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HREF="node88.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html299" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html299" |
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HREF="node89.html">Designer spectra</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html300" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html300" |
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HREF="node90.html">Carrier/modulator model</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html301" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html301" |
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HREF="node91.html">Pulse trains</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html302" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html302" |
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HREF="node92.html">Pulse trains via waveshaping</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html303" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html303" |
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HREF="node93.html">Pulse trains via wavetable stretching</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html304" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html304" |
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HREF="node94.html">Resulting spectra</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html305" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html305" |
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HREF="node95.html">Movable ring modulation</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html306" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html306" |
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HREF="node96.html">Phase-aligned formant (PAF) generator</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html307" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html307" |
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HREF="node97.html">Examples</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html308" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html308" |
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HREF="node98.html">Wavetable pulse train</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html309" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html309" |
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HREF="node99.html">Simple formant generator</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html310" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html310" |
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HREF="node100.html">Two-cosine carrier signal</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html311" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html311" |
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HREF="node101.html">The PAF generator</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html312" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html312" |
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HREF="node102.html">Stretched wavetables</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html313" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html313" |
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HREF="node103.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html314" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html314" |
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HREF="node104.html">Time shifts and delays</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html315" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html315" |
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HREF="node105.html">Complex numbers</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html316" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html316" |
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HREF="node106.html">Complex sinusoids</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html317" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html317" |
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HREF="node107.html">Time shifts and phase changes</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html318" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html318" |
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HREF="node108.html">Delay networks</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html319" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html319" |
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HREF="node109.html">Recirculating delay networks</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html320" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html320" |
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HREF="node110.html">Power conservation and complex delay networks</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html321" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html321" |
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HREF="node111.html">Artificial reverberation</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html322" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html322" |
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HREF="node112.html">Controlling reverberators</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html323" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html323" |
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HREF="node113.html">Variable and fractional shifts</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html324" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html324" |
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HREF="node114.html">Fidelity of interpolating delay lines</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html325" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html325" |
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HREF="node115.html">Pitch shifting</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html326" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html326" |
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HREF="node116.html">Examples</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html327" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html327" |
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HREF="node117.html">Fixed, noninterpolating delay line</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html328" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html328" |
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HREF="node118.html">Recirculating comb filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html329" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html329" |
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HREF="node119.html">Variable delay line</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html330" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html330" |
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HREF="node120.html">Order of execution and lower limits on delay times</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html331" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html331" |
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HREF="node121.html">Order of execution in non-recirculating delay lines</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html332" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html332" |
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HREF="node122.html">Non-recirculating comb filter as octave doubler</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html333" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html333" |
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HREF="node123.html">Time-varying complex comb filter: shakers</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html334" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html334" |
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HREF="node124.html">Reverberator</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html335" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html335" |
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HREF="node125.html">Pitch shifter</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html336" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html336" |
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HREF="node126.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html337" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html337" |
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HREF="node127.html">Filters</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html338" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html338" |
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HREF="node128.html">Taxonomy of filters</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html339" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html339" |
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HREF="node129.html">Low-pass and high-pass filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html340" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html340" |
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HREF="node130.html">Band-pass and stop-band filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html341" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html341" |
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HREF="node131.html">Equalizing filters</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html342" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html342" |
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HREF="node132.html">Elementary filters</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html343" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html343" |
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HREF="node133.html">Elementary non-recirculating filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html344" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html344" |
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HREF="node134.html">Non-recirculating filter, second form</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html345" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html345" |
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HREF="node135.html">Elementary recirculating filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html346" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html346" |
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HREF="node136.html">Compound filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html347" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html347" |
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HREF="node137.html">Real outputs from complex filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html348" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html348" |
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HREF="node138.html">Two recirculating filters for the price of one</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html349" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html349" |
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HREF="node139.html">Designing filters</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html350" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html350" |
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HREF="node140.html">One-pole low-pass filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html351" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html351" |
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HREF="node141.html">One-pole, one-zero high-pass filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html352" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html352" |
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HREF="node142.html">Shelving filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html353" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html353" |
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HREF="node143.html">Band-pass filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html354" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html354" |
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HREF="node144.html">Peaking and stop-band filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html355" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html355" |
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HREF="node145.html">Butterworth filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html356" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html356" |
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HREF="node146.html">Stretching the unit circle with rational functions</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html357" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html357" |
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HREF="node147.html">Butterworth band-pass filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html358" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html358" |
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HREF="node148.html">Time-varying coefficients</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html359" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html359" |
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HREF="node149.html">Impulse responses of recirculating filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html360" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html360" |
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HREF="node150.html">All-pass filters</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html361" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html361" |
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HREF="node151.html">Applications</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html362" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html362" |
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HREF="node152.html">Subtractive synthesis</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html363" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html363" |
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HREF="node153.html">Envelope following</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html364" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html364" |
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HREF="node154.html">Single Sideband Modulation</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html365" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html365" |
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HREF="node155.html">Examples</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html366" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html366" |
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HREF="node156.html">Prefabricated low-, high-, and band-pass filters</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html367" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html367" |
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HREF="node157.html">Prefabricated time-varying band-pass filter</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html368" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html368" |
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HREF="node158.html">Envelope followers</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html369" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html369" |
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HREF="node159.html">Single sideband modulation</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html370" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html370" |
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HREF="node160.html">Using elementary filters directly: shelving and peaking</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html371" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html371" |
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HREF="node161.html">Making and using all-pass filters</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html372" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html372" |
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HREF="node162.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html373" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html373" |
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HREF="node163.html">Fourier analysis and resynthesis</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html374" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html374" |
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HREF="node164.html">Fourier analysis of periodic signals</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html375" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html375" |
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HREF="node165.html">Periodicity of the Fourier transform</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html376" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html376" |
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HREF="node166.html">Fourier transform as additive synthesis</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html377" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html377" |
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HREF="node167.html">Properties of Fourier transforms</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html378" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html378" |
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HREF="node168.html">Fourier transform of DC</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html379" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html379" |
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HREF="node169.html">Shifts and phase changes</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html380" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html380" |
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HREF="node170.html">Fourier transform of a sinusoid</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html381" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html381" |
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HREF="node171.html">Fourier analysis of non-periodic signals</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html382" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html382" |
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HREF="node172.html">Fourier analysis and reconstruction of audio signals</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html383" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html383" |
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HREF="node173.html">Narrow-band companding</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html384" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html384" |
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HREF="node174.html">Timbre stamping (classical vocoder)</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html385" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html385" |
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HREF="node175.html">Phase</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html386" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html386" |
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HREF="node176.html">Phase relationships between channels</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html387" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html387" |
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HREF="node177.html">Phase bashing</A> |
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HREF="node178.html">Examples</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html389" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html389" |
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HREF="node179.html">Fourier analysis and resynthesis in Pd</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html390" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html390" |
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HREF="node180.html">Narrow-band companding: noise suppression</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html391" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html391" |
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HREF="node181.html">Timbre stamp ("vocoder")</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html392" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html392" |
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HREF="node182.html">Phase vocoder time bender</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html393" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html393" |
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HREF="node183.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html394" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html394" |
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HREF="node184.html">Classical waveforms</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html395" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html395" |
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HREF="node185.html">Symmetries and Fourier series</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html396" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html396" |
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HREF="node186.html">Sawtooth waves and symmetry</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html397" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html397" |
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HREF="node187.html">Dissecting classical waveforms</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html398" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html398" |
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HREF="node188.html">Fourier series of the elementary waveforms</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html399" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html399" |
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HREF="node189.html">Sawtooth wave</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html400" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html400" |
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HREF="node190.html">Parabolic wave</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html401" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html401" |
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HREF="node191.html">Square and symmetric triangle waves</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html402" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html402" |
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HREF="node192.html">General (non-symmetric) triangle wave</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html403" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html403" |
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HREF="node193.html">Predicting and controlling foldover</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html404" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html404" |
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HREF="node194.html">Over-sampling</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html405" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html405" |
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HREF="node195.html">Sneaky triangle waves</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html406" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html406" |
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HREF="node196.html">Transition splicing</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html407" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html407" |
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HREF="node197.html">Examples</A> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html408" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html408" |
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HREF="node198.html">Combining sawtooth waves</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html409" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html409" |
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HREF="node199.html">Strategies for band-limiting sawtooth waves</A> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html410" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html410" |
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HREF="node200.html">Exercises</A> |
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</UL> |
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<BR> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html411" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html411" |
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HREF="node201.html">Index</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html412" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html412" |
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HREF="node202.html">Bibliography</A> |
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html413" |
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<LI><A ID="tex2html413" |
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HREF="node203.html">About this document ...</A> |
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</UL> |
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