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miller-book/images.tex

11113 lines
234 KiB

\batchmode
\input{psfig.sty}
\documentclass{book}
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$\sqrt 2$%
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$y[n]$%
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$N$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$a$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\pi /2$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$3\pi /2$%
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$\alpha $%
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$\beta $%
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$\beta > \alpha $%
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$f=0$%
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$\alpha =\beta $%
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$\alpha =0$%
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$f()$%
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$f(x) = {x^2}$%
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$2\pi $%
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$a=1$%
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$a=2$%
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$Z$%
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$b$%
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$|Z|=1$%
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$A$%
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$Z^-d$%
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$H$%
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$d/2$%
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$\omega $%
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$d$%
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$|H|$%
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$W$%
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$1/(1-g)$%
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$t_1$%
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$p$%
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%
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%
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{y_{\mathrm{INT}}}(x) =
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$N + 1 - k$%
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$k=1$%
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$N-1/2$%
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$N-2$%
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$1$%
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$-\pi/2$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{ $\mathrm{samphold}\sim$\ }%
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$R=44100$%
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- \sin(\omega_c n) * \sin(a \cos(\omega_m n))
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$f(x) = \cos(x)$%
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$f(x) = \sin(x)$%
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\cos(a \cos(\omega_m n))
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\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6045}%
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0, 2\omega_m, 4\omega_m, \ldots
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6047}%
\begin{displaymath}
\omega_c + m \omega_m
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6048}%
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m = \ldots -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, \ldots
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline6349}%
$k \tau$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$m \tau$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline6357}%
$km\tau$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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$\omega_m=k\omega$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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$\omega_c=m\omega$%
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig05.09.ps}
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\lthtmlfigureA{figure5801}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline6685}%
\fbox{ \texttt{fiddle\~}}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{$\mathrm{fiddle}\sim$}%
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\fbox{ \texttt{clip\~}}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{$\mathrm{clip}\sim$}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$300m+225n$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig05.12.ps}
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6049}%
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\cos(5 \omega n)
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\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$f(x) = x^5$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6051}%
\begin{displaymath}
16 {x^5} = \cos (5 \omega n) + 5 \cos(3 \omega n) + 10 \cos(\omega n)
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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$x^3$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6052}%
\begin{displaymath}
16 {x^5} - 20 {x^3} = \cos (5 \omega n) - 5 \cos(\omega n)
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x[n] = f( a[n] \cos(\omega n))
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$a[n]$%
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$f(x) = x^k$%
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$x^k$%
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$f_0$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$af_1$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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${a^2}{f_2}$%
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$0<a<1$%
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$1<a<2$%
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$2<a<3$%
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${f_0}=0$%
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${f_1}=1$%
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${f_3}=1/6$%
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$e \approx 2.7$%
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$e^x$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$e^a$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
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\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath6060}%
\begin{displaymath}
f(a \cos(\omega n)) =
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$a=$%
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$\phi=-\pi/2$%
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\begin{displaymath}
\cos(a \cos(\omega n)) = {J_0}(a)
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${J_k}(a)$%
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$\omega_p$%
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$\omega_c n$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\omega_c n + b \cos(\omega_p n)$%
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{J_3}(a) \cos( (\omega_c+3\omega_m) n + {{3\pi}\over2} + b \cos(\omega_p n))
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${J_3}(a) {J_k}(b)$%
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$(3+k)\pi / 2$%
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$\approx$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
\cos( \omega_c n + a \cos( \omega_m n + b \cos( \omega_p n )))
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$f (a \cdot \cos(\omega_m n))$%
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$T$%
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x[n] = c(\omega n) {m_a}(\omega n)
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${m_a}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$f(0)$%
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$f(x) = {e^x}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
{m_a}[n] = {e^{a \cdot (\cos(\omega n) - 1))}}
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= e ^ {
{ -\left [
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^2
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${b^2}=2a$%
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{m_a}[n] = g ( b \sin {\omega \over 2} n )
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\begin{displaymath}
h(x) = {1\over{1 + {x^2}}}
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\begin{displaymath}
h(b \sin({\omega \over 2} n)) =
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\end{displaymath}%
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$G$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$1/(1+b)$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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${m_a}(\omega n)$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath7125}%
\begin{displaymath}
{M_a}(\phi) = W (a \phi),
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\omega n$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline7235}%
$-\pi$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
W(\phi) = {1\over2} \left ( \cos(\phi) + 1 \right )
\end{displaymath}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$W(\phi)=(1+\cos(\phi))/2$%
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$p
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${c_1} + q ({c_2} - {c_1})$%
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$Z_1$%
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$Z_2$%
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${Z_1}{Z_2}$%
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${\theta_1}+{\theta_2}$%
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$n\omega$%
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$n \omega + \phi$%
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$X[n]$%
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${Z^{-d}}$%
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$- d \omega$%
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${Z^{d/2}}$%
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${Z^{-d/2}}$%
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$Z^d$%
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${Z^{d}}$%
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$-d \omega / 2$%
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$\omega d $%
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$Y[n]$%
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Y[n] \cdot g{Z^{-d}}
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$W^n$%
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$\angle(W)$%
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$gW^{-d}$%
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$\sqrt{2}$%
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$({x_1}, {x_2})$%
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${w_1}, \ldots {w_j}$%
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$j$%
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$w$%
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$g \le 1$%
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$t/d$%
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$20 {\log_{10}} (g)$%
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20 {t\over d} {\log_{10}} (g)
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$d=1.5$%
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$x[n-1.5]$%
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$x[n+1]$%
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$n - d[n]$%
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$d[n]$%
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$d_0$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8623}%
\begin{displaymath}
t = 1 + a \omega \cos(\omega n - \pi/2)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9324}%
$1 - a \omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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$1 + a \omega$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.21.ps}
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${d_0}$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9332}%
${d_0}+s$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9342}%
$R/f$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$f/R$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8624}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n+1] - x[n] = {f \over R}
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8625}%
\begin{displaymath}
s \cdot x[n+1] - s \cdot x[n] = {{sf} \over R}
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\lthtmldisplayZ
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\begin{displaymath}
t = 1 - {{sf} \over R}
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\begin{displaymath}
f = {{(t - 1) R} \over s}
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$R/30$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9374}%
$R/10$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.23.ps}
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\fbox{ \texttt{delwrite\~}}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{$\mathrm{delwrite}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{ \texttt{delread\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\fbox{$\mathrm{delread}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.24.ps}
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.25.ps}
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\fbox{ \texttt{vd\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9878}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{vd}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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\lthtmlfigureA{figure8231}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.26.ps}
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8628}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[N], \ldots, x[N+B-1] \longrightarrow \fbox{\texttt{delwrite\~}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8629}%
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\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$x[N], \ldots, x[N+B-1]$%
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath8630}%
\begin{displaymath}
\fbox{\texttt{delread\~}} \longrightarrow x[N-B], \ldots, x[N-1]
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.27.ps}
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\lthtmlfigureZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9924}%
\fbox{ \texttt{block\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9926}%
\fbox{ \texttt{switch\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9928}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{block}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline9930}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{switch}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.28.ps}
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$1000\cdot2048/R$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$1000/(2f)$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$1/(2f)$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$2f, 4f, 6f\cdots$%
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$f, 3f, \ldots$%
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$2f$%
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.31.ps}
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$\sqrt{1/2}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.32.ps}
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\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig07.33.ps}
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\begin{displaymath}
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\begin{displaymath}
{[ {{(1-g \cos (\omega d))}^2} + {{(g \sin (\omega d))}^2} ]}
^
{-1/2}
\end{displaymath}%
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$H(\omega)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\angle( H(\omega))$%
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$\omega=\arg(Z)$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
(1 - Q{Z^{-1}}){Z^n}
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H(Z) = 1 - Q{Z^{-1}}
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Q = r \cdot (\cos(\alpha) + i \sin(\alpha))
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|1 - Q{Z^{-1}}| = |Z||1 - Q{Z^{-1}}| = |Q - Z|
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$Q{Z^{-1}}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$|1 - Q{Z^{-1}}|$%
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$\omega = \alpha$%
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$1-r$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\overline{Q}$%
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\begin{displaymath}
A = a+bi = r \cdot (\cos(\alpha) + i \sin(\alpha))
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H(Z) = \overline{Q} - {Z^{-1}}
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|\overline{Q} - {Z^{-1}}| = |Q - \overline{Z^{-1}}| = |Q- Z|
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$\overline{Z} = {Z^{-1}}$%
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$Z\overline{Z}$%
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$P$%
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\begin{displaymath}
{{1} \over {1 - P {Z^{-1}}}} {Z^n}
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H(Z) = {{1} \over {1 - P {Z^{-1}}}}
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$|P| < 1$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$|P|> 1$%
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$P=Q$%
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${Q_1}, \ldots, {Q_j}$%
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${P_1}, \ldots, {P_k}$%
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\begin{displaymath}
H(Z) = {
{
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\end{displaymath}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\overline{P}$%
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\begin{displaymath}
H(Z) = (1 - {Q}{Z^{-1}}) \cdot (1 - \overline{Q}{Z^{-1}})
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H(\overline{Z}) = \overline{H(Z)}
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\begin{displaymath}
{X_n} = 2 \, \mathrm{re}(A{Z^n}) = A{Z^n} + \overline{A}
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\begin{displaymath}
A \cdot H(Z) \cdot {Z^n} +
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\overline{A+B} = \overline{A} + \overline{B}
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\overline{AB} = \overline{A} \cdot \overline{B}
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A + \overline{A} = 2 \, \mathrm{re} (A)
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$Q_i$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$P_i$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
A{Z^n} + \overline{A}{Z^{-n}}
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\begin{displaymath}
a[n] =
\mathrm{re} \left[ {
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\end{displaymath}%
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\begin{displaymath}
=
\mathrm{re} \left[ {
{1 \over {1 - {P}{Z^{-1}}}} {A{Z^n}} +
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
=
\mathrm{re} \left[ {
{{
2 - 2 \, \mathrm{re} (P) {Z^{-1}}
} \over {
(1 - {P}{Z^{-1}}) (1 - {\overline{P}}{Z^{-1}})
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{A{Z^n}}
} \right ]
\end{displaymath}%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
=
\mathrm{re} \left[ {
{{
1 - \mathrm{re} (P) {Z^{-1}}
} \over {
(1 - {P}{Z^{-1}}) (1 - {\overline{P}}{Z^{-1}})
}}
{A{Z^n}}
+
{{
1 - \mathrm{re} (P) {{\overline{Z}}^{-1}}
} \over {
(1 - {\overline{P}}{{\overline{Z}}^{-1}}) (1 - {P}{{\overline{Z}}^{-1}})
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{\overline{A}{{\overline{Z}}^{-n}}}
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\begin{displaymath}
{H_{\mathrm{re}}}(Z) = {{
1 - \mathrm{re} (P) {Z^{-1}}
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(1 - {P}{Z^{-1}}) (1 - {\overline{P}}{Z^{-1}})
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\end{displaymath}%
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{H_{\mathrm{im}}}(Z) = {{
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$1/\overline{Q}$%
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$1/(1-p)$%
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$1-p$%
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\begin{displaymath}
H(Z) = 1 - {{{1-p} \over {1 - p{Z^{-1}}}}}
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$d = \omega$%
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{{1-q} \over {1-p}} = g
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$\cos \omega + i \sin \omega$%
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\beta * (\beta + 2 \omega)
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{{1 - {r^2}} \over {{(1 + r)}^2}}
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$r=0$%
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$r=\infty$%
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{ (1 - {r^2}) - (2 r \sin(\alpha)) i }
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{\pi \over 2} ({1 \over n} - 1) , \;
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| H(\cos(\omega) + i \sin(\omega)) |
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$R(Z)$%
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$|R(Z)| = 1$%
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$Z=1$%
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\begin{displaymath}
R(Z) = U \cdot
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{A_n}{Z^n} + {A_{n-1}}{Z^{n-1}} + \cdots + {A_0}
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$|U|=1$%
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\begin{displaymath}
J(Z) = H(R(Z))
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$J$%
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\begin{displaymath}
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\begin{displaymath}
H(Z) =
{{
1 + {Z^{-1}}
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1 - g{Z^{-1}}
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\begin{displaymath}
R(Z) = -{Z^2} = -
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$-i$%
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\begin{displaymath}
J(Z) =
{{
1 - {Z^{-2}}
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1 + g{Z^{-2}}
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=
{{
(1 - {Z^{-1}})(1 + {Z^{-1}})
} \over {
(1 - i\sqrt{g} {Z^{-1}})(1 + i\sqrt{g} {Z^{-1}})
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$R(Z) = -Z^2$%
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\begin{displaymath}
S(Z) =
{{
aZ + b
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bZ + a
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$S(1) = 1$%
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$S(-1) = -1$%
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$\overline{Z}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$\overline{W}$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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$S$%
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S(\cos(\omega) + i \sin(\omega)) = i
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$H(R(S(Z)))$%
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\begin{displaymath}
a = \cos({{\pi}\over 4} - {{\omega} \over 2}) , \;
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$2n$%
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$J(Z) = H(R(S(Z)))$%
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$J(Z)=\infty$%
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$R(S(Z))$%
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$R(S(Z)) = W$%
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\begin{displaymath}
- {
{ \left [ {
{
aZ + b
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aZ + b
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Z = { {
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${a^2}+{b^2}=1$%
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$1-|P|$%
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$1-1/n$%
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{ {\left ( 1-{1\over n} \right ) } ^ n } \approx {1\over e}
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$e$%
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$n=5$%
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\begin{displaymath}
{{n} \over {2\pi/\omega}} = {{1} \over {2\pi}} {{\omega} \over {b}}
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$P<1$%
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\begin{displaymath}
H(Z) = {{
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y[n] = p \cdot y[n-1] + (1-p) \cdot x[n]
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$x[n]^2$%
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x[n] = a \cdot \cos(\alpha n)
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{{x[n]}^2} = {{a^2}\over 2} \left ( \cos(2 \alpha n) + 1 \right )
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$2 \alpha$%
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${{a^2} / 2}$%
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x[n] = a \cdot \cos(\alpha n) + b \cdot \cos(\beta n)
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$({a^2} +
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$1, W, {W^2}, \ldots$%
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$\angle(ZW)$%
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x[n] = a \cdot \cos (\omega n)
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x[n] = \mathrm{re} (X[n])
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$-\omega$%
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X'[n] = a \left ( \cos (\omega n) - i \sin (\omega n) \right )
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$H_1$%
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$H_2$%
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\begin{displaymath}
\angle({H_1}(Z)) - \angle({H_2}(Z)) \approx
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{H_1}(Z) \approx i {H_2}(Z) , \; 0 < \angle(Z) < \pi
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath11015}%
\begin{displaymath}
{H_1}(Z) \approx -i {H_2}(Z) , \; -\pi < \angle(Z) < 0
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline11689}%
$a[n] + i b[n]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline11693}%
$b[n]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath11016}%
\begin{displaymath}
{H_1}(Z) + i {H_2}(Z) \approx
\left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
2 {H_1}(Z) & {0 < \angle(Z) < \pi} \\
0 & \mbox{otherwise}
\end{array}
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12147}%
\fbox{\texttt{lop\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12149}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{lop}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12153}%
\fbox{ \texttt{hip\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12159}%
\fbox{ \texttt{bp\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12161}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{bp}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12165}%
\fbox{ \texttt{noise\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12167}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{noise}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10598}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.28.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12183}%
\fbox{ \texttt{vcf\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12185}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{vcf}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10610}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.29.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10620}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.30.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10626}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.31.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10639}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.32.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12231}%
\fbox{ \texttt{rzero\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12233}%
\fbox{ \texttt{rzero\_rev\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12235}%
\fbox{ \texttt{rpole\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12237}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{rzero}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12239}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{rzero\_rev}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12241}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{rpole}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12245}%
\fbox{ \texttt{czero\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12247}%
\fbox{ \texttt{czero\_rev\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12249}%
\fbox{ \texttt{cpole\~}}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12251}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{czero}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12253}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{czero\_rev}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline12255}%
\fbox{$\mathrm{cpole}\sim$}%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure10670}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig08.33.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline11727}%
$i/2$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{chapter}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13143}%
$n=0,\ldots,N-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13155}%
$4\pi/N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13159}%
$2(N-1)\pi/N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13173}%
$0 \leq k < N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13175}%
$2\pi k / N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13187}%
$\omega=2\pi/N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13191}%
$U$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12979}%
\begin{displaymath}
U = \cos(\omega) + i \sin(\omega)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12980}%
\begin{displaymath}
{P_k}[n] = {A_k}{{\left [ {U^k} \right ]} ^ {n}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13199}%
${A_k}$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12981}%
\begin{displaymath}
\angle({U^k}) = k \angle(U) = k\omega
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12982}%
\begin{displaymath}
X[n] =
{A_0}{{\left [ {U^0} \right ]} ^ {n}}
+ {A_1}{{\left [ {U^1} \right ]} ^ {n}}
+ \cdots
+ {A_{N-1}}{{\left [ {U^{N-1}} \right ]} ^ {n}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13205}%
$A_k$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13207}%
$-k\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12983}%
\begin{displaymath}
{A_k} = {1\over N} \left (
{{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {0}} X[0] +
{{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {N-1}} X[N-1]
\right )
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12984}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT}\left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
{V ^ {0}} X[0] +
{V ^ {1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {N-1}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13213}%
$V = {U^{-k}}$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13225}%
$V$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12985}%
\begin{displaymath}
V = \cos(-k\omega) + i\sin(-k\omega)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12986}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT}\left \{ X[n] \right \} (k+N) =
{\cal FT}\left \{ X[n] \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13251}%
$Y[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13255}%
$k = 0, ..., N-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12988}%
\begin{displaymath}
Y[k] = {\cal FT}\left \{ X[n] \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12989}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {0}} X[0] +
{{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{{\left [ {U^{-k}} \right ]} ^ {N-1}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12990}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {{\left [ {U^{0}} \right ]} ^ {k}} X[0] +
{{\left [ {U^{-1}} \right ]} ^ {k}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{{\left [ {U^{-(N-1)}} \right ]} ^ {k}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13259}%
$X[m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13261}%
$-m\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13263}%
$m = 0, \ldots, N-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13269}%
$X[-m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12991}%
\begin{displaymath}
{1 \over N} {\cal FT} \left \{ Y[k] \right \} (m) = X[-m]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13279}%
$Y[k]/N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13281}%
$n = -m$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12992}%
\begin{displaymath}
X[n] = {1 \over N} {\cal FT} \left \{ Y[k] \right \} (-n)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12993}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {{\left [ {U^{0}} \right ]} ^ {n}} Y[0] +
{{\left [ {U^{1}} \right ]} ^ {n}} Y[1] +
\cdots +
{{\left [ {U^{N-1}} \right ]} ^ {n}} Y[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13289}%
$k=0,
\ldots, N-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13291}%
$X[n]=1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13295}%
$N>1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12994}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
\left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
N & {k=0} \\
0 & {k=1, \ldots, N-1}
\end{array}
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13303}%
$V \not= 1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12996}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
{{
{V^N} - 1
} \over {
V - 1
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12997}%
\begin{displaymath}
\xi = \cos(\pi k / N) - i \sin(\pi k / N)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13305}%
${\xi^2} = V$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13307}%
$\xi$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12998}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
{\xi^{N-1}}
{{
{\xi^N} - {\xi^{-N}}
} \over {
\xi - {\xi^{-1}}
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath12999}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\xi^N} - {\xi^{-N}} =
\left (\cos(\pi k) - i \sin(\pi k) \right ) -
\left (\cos(\pi k) + i \sin(\pi k) \right )
= - 2 i \sin(\pi k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13000}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
\left ( {
\parbox[t][0.1in]{0in}{\mbox{}}
\cos(\pi k (N-1)/N) - i \sin(\pi k (N-1)/N)
} \right )
{{
\sin(\pi k)
} \over {
\sin(\pi k / N)
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13309}%
$V=1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13001}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k) =
\left ( {
\parbox[t][0.1in]{0in}{\mbox{}}
\cos(\pi k (N-1)/N) - i \sin(\pi k (N-1)/N)
} \right )
{D_N}(k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13311}%
${D_N}(k)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13002}%
\begin{displaymath}
{D_N}(k) =
\left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
N & {k= 0} \\
{{
\sin(\pi k)
} \over {
\sin(\pi k / N)
}}
& {k\not=0,\; -N < k < N}
\end{array}
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13317}%
$k=0$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13319}%
$k=100$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13003}%
\begin{displaymath}
\cos(\pi k (N-1)/N) - i \sin(\pi k (N-1)/N)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13321}%
${\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13335}%
$k>1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13337}%
$k < -1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13341}%
$k=-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12411}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.01.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12416}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.02.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13005}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ Y[n] \right \} (k) =
{V ^ {0}} Y[0] +
{V ^ {1}} Y[1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {N-1}} Y[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13006}%
\begin{displaymath}
=
{V ^ {0}} X[-d] +
{V ^ {1}} X[-d+1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {N-1}} X[-d+N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13007}%
\begin{displaymath}
=
{V ^ {d}} X[0] +
{V ^ {d+1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {d+N-1}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13008}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {V^d} \left (
{V ^ {0}} X[0] +
{V ^ {1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {N-1}} X[N-1]
\right )
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13009}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {V^d} {\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13010}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n-d] \right \} (k) =
\left ( {
\parbox[t][0.1in]{0in}{\mbox{}}
\cos(-dk\omega) + i\sin(-dk\omega)
} \right )
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13365}%
$X[n-d]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13369}%
$-dk\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13011}%
\begin{displaymath}
Y[n] = {Z^n} X[n]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13012}%
\begin{displaymath}
Z = \cos(\alpha) + i \sin(\alpha)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13014}%
\begin{displaymath}
=
{V ^ {0}} X[0] +
{V ^ {1}} Z X[1] +
\cdots +
{V ^ {N-1}} {Z^{N-1}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13015}%
\begin{displaymath}
=
{{(VZ)} ^ {0}} X[0] +
{{(VZ)} ^ {1}} X[1] +
\cdots +
{{(VZ)} ^ {N-1}} X[N-1]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13016}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13017}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ (\cos(\alpha) + i \sin(\alpha)) X[n] \right \} (k) =
{\cal FT} \left \{ X[n] \right \} (k - {{\alpha N} \over {2 \pi}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13379}%
${Z^n}$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13018}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ {Z^n} \right \} (k) =
{\cal FT} \left \{ 1 \right \}(k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13019}%
\begin{displaymath}
= \left [ \cos(\Phi(k)) + i \sin(\Phi(k))\right ]
{D_N}(k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13385}%
${D_N}$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13387}%
$\Phi$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13020}%
\begin{displaymath}
\Phi(k) = - \pi \cdot (k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}}) \cdot (N-1)/N
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12482}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.03.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12488}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.04.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13427}%
$w[n]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13021}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ w[n] X[n] \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13022}%
\begin{displaymath}
w[n] = {1\over 2} - {1\over 2} \cos(2\pi n / N)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13023}%
\begin{displaymath}
w[n] = {1\over 2} - {1\over 4} {U^n} - {1\over 4} {U^{-n}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13024}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT} \left \{ w[n] {Z^n} \right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13025}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {\cal FT} \left \{ {1\over 2} {Z^n} - {1\over 4} {(UZ)^n}
- {1\over 4} {({U^{-1}}Z)^n}\right \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13026}%
\begin{displaymath}
\approx \left [ \cos(\Phi(k)) + i \sin(\Phi(k))\right ]
M(k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13027}%
\begin{displaymath}
\Phi(k) = - \pi \cdot (k - {{\alpha } \over {\omega}})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13028}%
\begin{displaymath}
M(k) =
{\left [ {
{1\over 2}{D_N}(k)
+ {1\over 4}{D_N}(k + 1)
+ {1\over 4}{D_N}(k - 1)
} \right ] }
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13437}%
$M(k)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12534}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.05.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13447}%
${D_n}(k)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13451}%
$1/4$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13029}%
\begin{displaymath}
{D_N}(k) \approx {
{N \sin(\pi k) } \over {\pi k}
}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13453}%
$k = 3/2, 5/2, \ldots$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13030}%
\begin{displaymath}
{2 \over {3 \pi}} \approx -13 \mathrm{dB} , \;
{2 \over {5 \pi}} \approx -18 \mathrm{dB} , \;
{2 \over {7 \pi}} \approx -21 \mathrm{dB} , \;
{2 \over {9 \pi}} \approx -23 \mathrm{dB} ,
\ldots
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13031}%
\begin{displaymath}
{2 \over {5 \pi}} - {1\over 2} [ {2 \over {3 \pi}} + {2 \over {7 \pi}} ]
\approx -32.30 \mathrm{dB}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13457}%
$-42$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13459}%
$-49$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13461}%
$-54$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13463}%
$-59$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12556}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.06.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13481}%
$k\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12563}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.07.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13487}%
$k = 0, 1, \ldots, N-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13493}%
$m = \ldots, 0, 1, \ldots$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13499}%
$mH$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13505}%
$mH+n$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13032}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[m, k] = {\cal FT}\{w(n)X[n-mH]\} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13033}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[k] = S[m, k]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13034}%
\begin{displaymath}
C[m] = S[m, k]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13533}%
$H=N/4$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13535}%
$FT$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13537}%
$3/2$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12577}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.08.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13539}%
$C[m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13541}%
$g[m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13543}%
$g[m]C[m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13549}%
$C[m-1]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13551}%
$C[m-2]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13553}%
$|C[m]|$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13565}%
$g[m, k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13567}%
$S[m, k] = C[m]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13035}%
\begin{displaymath}
g[m, k] =
\left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
{1 - f[k]/|S[m, k]|} & {|S[m, k]| > f[k]} \\
0 & \mbox{otherwise}
\end{array}
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13571}%
$f[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13577}%
$|S[m, k]|-f[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13579}%
$x = |S[m, k]|/f[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13581}%
$g(x) = 1-1/x$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13583}%
$x<1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12596}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.09.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13589}%
$|S[m, k]|$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13591}%
$|T[m, k]|$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13036}%
\begin{displaymath}
g[m, k] = {{|T[m, k]|}\over{|S[m, k]|}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12610}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.10.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13593}%
$\alpha = 3\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13595}%
$k=3$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13037}%
\begin{displaymath}
\begin{array}{lll}
{\angle S[0, 2] = \phi + \pi} &
{\angle S[0, 3] = \phi} &
{\angle S[0, 4] = \phi + \pi}\\
{\angle S[1, 2] = \phi + H\alpha + \pi } &
{\angle S[1, 3] = \phi + H\alpha} &
{\angle S[1, 4] = \phi + H\alpha + \pi}\\
{\angle S[2, 2] = \phi + 2H\alpha + \pi } &
{\angle S[2, 3] = \phi + 2H\alpha} &
{\angle S[2, 4] = \phi + 2H\alpha + \pi}\\
\end{array}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13601}%
$H\alpha$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13038}%
\begin{displaymath}
H \alpha = \angle S[1, 3] - \angle S[0, 3]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13039}%
\begin{displaymath}
\alpha = {{\angle S[1, 3] - \angle S[0, 3] + 2 p \pi} \over H}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13607}%
$2\pi/H$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13611}%
$8\pi/N = 4 \omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13623}%
$m-1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12629}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.11.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure12634}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig09.12.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13040}%
\begin{displaymath}
T[k] = {\cal FT}(W(n)X[n]) (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13041}%
\begin{displaymath}
T'[k] = {\cal FT}(W(n)X[n+H]) (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13042}%
\begin{displaymath}
\angle S[m, k] = \angle S[m-1, k] +
\left ( \angle T'[k] - \angle T[k] \right )
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13043}%
\begin{displaymath}
= \angle \left (
{{S[m-1, k] T'[k]}
\over
{T[k]}}
\right )
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13044}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[m, k] \; = \;
a
\; \cdot \;
{
{ \left |
{{S[m-1, k] T'[k]}
\over
{T[k]}}
\right |}
^
{-1}
}
\; \cdot \;
{
{{S[m-1, k] T'[k]}
\over
{T[k]}}
}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13651}%
$a = |T'[k]|$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13045}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[m, k] \; = \;
{
{ \left |
{{S[m-1, k]}
\over
{T[k]}}
\right |}
^
{-1}
}
\; \cdot \;
{
{{S[m-1, k] T'[k]}
\over
{T[k]}}
}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13657}%
$S[m,k+1]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13659}%
$T'[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13661}%
$T'[k+1]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13665}%
$S[m-1,k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13669}%
$T[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13671}%
$2N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13046}%
\begin{displaymath}
\angle T[k+1] - \angle T[k] = \angle S[m-1, k+1] - \angle S[m-1, k]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13047}%
\begin{displaymath}
\angle \left \{ {{S[m-1, k+1]} \over {T[k+1]}} \right \} =
\angle \left \{ {{S[m-1, k]} \over {T[k]}} \right \}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13679}%
$S/T$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13048}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[m, k] \; = \;
{
{ \left |
R[k]
\right |}
^
{-1}
}
\cdot
{
{R[k] T'[k]}
}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13049}%
\begin{displaymath}
R[k] \; = \;
{
{
\overline {T[k]} \; \cdot \; {S[m-1, k]}
} \over {
\left |
{S[m-1, k]}
\right |
}
}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline13685}%
$R[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath13050}%
\begin{displaymath}
S[m, k] \; = \;
{
{ \left |
R'[k]
\right |}
^
{-1}
}
\; \cdot \;
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{R'[k] T'[k]}
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$R'$%
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$T'$%
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$(-1)^k$%
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$N/2+1$%
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$N=512$%
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$s[k]$%
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$m[k]$%
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$c[k]$%
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$1/f[k]$%
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$c[k]/f[k]$%
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$R'[k]$%
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$n=N/2$%
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$2.5\omega$%
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$k=2$%
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$N/R$%
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$A[k]$%
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${U^{N/2}} = -1$%
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$X'$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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\begin{displaymath}
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$X''$%
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$X'[n] = X[n]$%
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$N/2$%
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$X[n] = -X[n+N/2$%
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$X[-n]$%
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$X[N-n]$%
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{\newpage\clearpage
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X[-n] =
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\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
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$X'[n]$%
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X'[n] = {{X[n] + X[-n]}\over 2} =
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$X''[n]$%
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${L_1}, \ldots, {L_j}$%
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${d_1}, \ldots, {d_j}$%
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$d_1$%
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${L_1}$%
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$({L_1}, {d_1}) = (0.3N, -0.3)$%
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$0 \le n \le N-1$%
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$(L, d)$%
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$s'[n] = d s[n-L]$%
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$-1/N$%
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${M_i}, \ldots, {M_l}$%
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$n^2$%
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$x[n] - x[n-1]$%
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$k/N$%
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$s[n]$%
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$0 \le n < N$%
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$-{1 \over N}$%
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{\cal FT}\{ s[n] - s[n-1] \} (k) = 1 , \; k \neq 0, \; -N < k < N\
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14658}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT}\{ s[n] \} (k) \approx {1 \over {i \omega k}}
= {{-iN} \over {2 \pi k}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14909}%
$k \neq 0$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14913}%
$1/i = -i$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14915}%
${\cal FT}\{ s[n] \}(0)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14921}%
$k = \pm 1$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14659}%
\begin{displaymath}
{1 \over N}\left [
{\cal FT}\{ s[n] \} (1) \cdot {U^n} +
{\cal FT}\{ s[n] \} (-1) \cdot {U^{-n}}
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14660}%
\begin{displaymath}
\approx {{-i} \over {2 \pi}} \left [ U^n - U^{-n} \right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14661}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {{\sin ( \omega n)} \over {\pi}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14662}%
\begin{displaymath}
{{\sin ( k \omega n)} \over {k \pi}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14663}%
\begin{displaymath}
s[n] \approx {1 \over \pi} \left [
{\sin ( \omega n )}
+ {{\sin ( 2 \omega n)} \over 2}
+ {{\sin ( 3 \omega n)} \over 3}
+ \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14664}%
\begin{displaymath}
p[n] - p[n-1] = {
{
{{({n\over N} - {1\over 2})}^2} -
{{({{n-1}\over N} - {1\over 2})}^2}
} \over {
2
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
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{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14665}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {
{
{{({n\over N} - {N\over {2N}})}^2} -
{{({{n}\over N} - {{N - 2}\over {2N}})}^2}
} \over {
2
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14666}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {
{
{{{2n}\over {N^2}} - {1\over {N}}} + {1\over {N^2}}
} \over {
2
}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14667}%
\begin{displaymath}
\approx - s[n] / N .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14668}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cal FT}\{ p[n] \} (k) \approx
{{-1} \over N} \cdot {{-iN} \over {2 \pi k}} \cdot {\cal FT}\{ s[n] \} (k)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14669}%
\begin{displaymath}
\approx {{-1} \over N} \cdot {{-iN} \over {2 \pi k}}
\cdot {{-iN} \over {2 \pi k}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14670}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {N \over {4 {\pi ^2} {k^2}}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14671}%
\begin{displaymath}
p[n] \approx {1 \over {2 {\pi^2}}} \left [
{\cos ( \omega n )}
+ {{\cos ( 2 \omega n)} \over 4}
+ {{\cos ( 3 \omega n)} \over 9}
+ \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14407}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.06.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14672}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] = s[n] - s[n-{N \over 2}]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14937}%
$0 <= n < N/2$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14673}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] \approx {1 \over \pi} \left [
{\sin ( \omega n )}
+ {{\sin ( 2 \omega n)} \over 2}
+ {{\sin ( 3 \omega n)} \over 3}
+ \cdots
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14674}%
\begin{displaymath}
\left .
-{\sin ( \omega n )}
+ {{\sin ( 2 \omega n)} \over 2}
- {{\sin ( 3 \omega n)} \over 3}
\pm \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14675}%
\begin{displaymath}
= {2 \over \pi} \left [
{\sin ( \omega n )}
+ {{\sin ( 3 \omega n)} \over 3}
+ {{\sin ( 5 \omega n)} \over 5}
+ \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14676}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] = 8 p[n] - 8 p[n-{N \over 2}]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14677}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] \approx {8 \over {{\pi^2}}} \left [
{\cos ( \omega n )}
+ {{\cos ( 3 \omega n)} \over 9}
+ {{\cos ( 5 \omega n)} \over 25}
+ \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14432}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.07.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14947}%
$(0,0)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14949}%
$1/M$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14951}%
$-2/(N-2M)$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14678}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] = {{N^2} \over {MN - 2{M^2}}} (p[n-M] - p[n+M])
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14953}%
$p[n]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14955}%
$p[n-(N-M)]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14957}%
$p[n+M]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14679}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] = {{N^2} \over {2{\pi ^ 2} (MN - 2{M^2})}} \left [
\parbox[t][0.12in]{0in}{\mbox{}}
{\cos ( \omega (n-M))} - {\cos ( \omega (n+M))}
\right .
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14680}%
\begin{displaymath}
\left .
+ {{\cos ( 2 \omega (n-M)) - \cos ( 2 \omega (n+M))} \over 4}
+ \cdots
\right ]
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14681}%
\begin{displaymath}
\cos(a) - \cos(b) = 2 \sin({{b-a}\over 2}) \sin({{a+b}\over 2})
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14682}%
\begin{displaymath}
{\cos ( \omega (n-M))} - {\cos ( \omega (n+M))} =
2 \sin (2 \pi M / N) \sin ( \omega n)
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14683}%
\begin{displaymath}
x[n] = a[1] \sin(\omega n) + a[2] \sin(2 \omega n) + \cdots
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14684}%
\begin{displaymath}
a[k] = {1 \over {{\pi ^ 2} (M/N - 2{{(M/N)}^2})}}
\cdot {{\sin (2 \pi k M / N) } \over {k^2}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14969}%
$M/N$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmldisplayA{displaymath14685}%
\begin{displaymath}
k < {{1} \over {4 M/N}}
\end{displaymath}%
\lthtmldisplayZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14975}%
$\sin(\theta) \approx \theta$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14977}%
$a[k]$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14989}%
$k \approx 1/(4\cdot 0.03) \approx 8.5$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14997}%
$2M$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline14999}%
$N/4M$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15001}%
$N/2M$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15005}%
$N/2M \approx 1/17$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15007}%
$1/50$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15009}%
$16\cdot 44100 =
705600$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15011}%
$705600-20000=685600$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15013}%
$685600/440=1558$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14466}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.08.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{subsection}
\stepcounter{subsection}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14476}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.09.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15031}%
$12\omega$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14483}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.10.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14488}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.11.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15041}%
$1/b$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\stepcounter{section}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14496}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.12.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14503}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.13.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlfigureA{figure14510}%
\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig10.14.ps}
\end{figure}%
\lthtmlfigureZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
{\newpage\clearpage
\lthtmlinlinemathA{tex2html_wrap_inline15045}%
$1 + 1/9 + 1/25 + 1/49 + 1/81 + \cdots$%
\lthtmlinlinemathZ
\lthtmlcheckvsize\clearpage}
\end{document}