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<H2><A ID="SECTION00591000000000000000">
Constant amplitude scaler</A>
</H2>
<P>
Example A01.sinewave.pd, shown in Figure <A HREF="#fig01.11">1.11</A>, contains essentially the
simplest possible patch that makes a sound,
with only three object boxes. (There are also comments, and two message
boxes to turn Pd's "DSP" (audio) processing on and off.) The three object boxes
are:
<P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A ID="fig01.11"></A><A ID="1256"></A>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION ALIGN="BOTTOM"><STRONG>Figure 1.11:</STRONG>
The contents of the first Pd example patch: A01.sinewave.pd.</CAPTION>
<TR><TD><IMG
WIDTH="542" HEIGHT="608" BORDER="0"
SRC="img145.png"
ALT="\begin{figure}\psfig{file=figs/fig01.11.ps}\end{figure}"></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</DIV>
<P>
<BR><!-- MATH
$\fbox{ $ \mathrm{osc}\sim $}$
-->
<IMG
WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="img146.png"
ALT="\fbox{ $ \mathrm{osc}\sim $}">:
<A ID="1402"></A>sinusoidal oscillator. The
left hand side input
and the output are digital audio signals. The input is taken to be a
(possibly time-varying) frequency in Hertz. The output is a sinusoid at
the specified frequency. If nothing is connected to the frequency inlet,
the creation argument (440 in this example) is used as the frequency.
The output has peak amplitude one. You may set an initial phase by sending
messages (not audio signals) to the right inlet. The left (frequency) inlet
may also be sent messages to set the frequency, since any inlet that takes an
audio signal may also be sent messages which are automatically converted to the
desired audio signal.
<P>
<BR><!-- MATH
$\fbox{ $*\sim$\ }$
-->
<IMG
WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="34" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="img147.png"
ALT="\fbox{ $*\sim$\ }">:
<A ID="1370"></A>multiplier. This exists in two
forms. If a creation argument is specified (as in this example; it's 0.05),
this box multiplies a digital audio signal (in the left inlet) by the number;
messages to the right inlet can update the number as well. If no argument is
given, this box multiplies two incoming digital audio signals together.
<P>
<BR><!-- MATH
$\fbox{ $ \mathrm{dac}\sim $}$
-->
<IMG
WIDTH="60" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="img148.png"
ALT="\fbox{ $ \mathrm{dac}\sim $}">:
<A ID="1403"></A>audio output device.
Depending on your hardware, this might not actually be a Digital/Analog
Converter as the name suggests; but in general, it allows you to send any
audio signal to your computer's audio output(s). If there are no creation
arguments, the default behavior is to output to channels one and two of
the audio hardware; you may specify alternative channel numbers (one or many)
using the creation arguments. Pd itself may be configured to use two or
more output channels, or may not have the audio output device open at all;
consult the Pd documentation for details.
<P>
The two message boxes show a peculiarity in the way messages are parsed in
message boxes. Earlier in Figure <A HREF="node16.html#fig01.10">1.10</A> (part a), the message
consisted only of the number 21. When clicked, that box sent the message "21"
to its outlet and hence to any objects connected to it. In this current
example, the text of the message boxes starts with a semicolon. This is a
terminator between messages (so the first message is empty), after which the
next word is taken as the name of the recipient of the following message. Thus
the message here is "dsp 1" (or "dsp 0") and the message is to be sent, not
to any connected objects--there aren't any anyway--but rather, to the object
named "pd". This particular object is provided invisibly by the Pd program
and you can send it various messages to control Pd's global state, in this case
turning audio processing on ("1") and off ("0").
<P>
Many more details about the control aspects of Pd, such as the above, are
explained in a different series of example patches (the "control examples") in
the Pd release, but they will only be touched on here as necessary to
demonstrate the audio signal processing techniques that are the subject of this
book.
<P>
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<ADDRESS>
Miller Puckette
2006-12-30
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